XRF can be used to identify minerals and elements of value present in a matrix. The Mining (Process Analytical) and Soil modes in the Innov-X a-2000 instrument can be used for samples with high and low levels of mineralization, respectively. The example below shows XRF spectra for arsenopyrite (FeAsS) and Vanadite (Pb5(VO4)3Cl).
Field-portable and hand-held instruments can help to quickly map composition over an area in a site, e.g., to identify where ore is located.